Sixty-six million years ago, an asteroid about the size of Mount Everest smacked into Earth near where the Yucatan Peninsula is today. That impact created the Chicxulub crater and may have knocked out about three-quarters of all living species — including most of the dinosaurs. Planetary scientists have discovered the key to how one rock — albeit a big one — could have devastated an entire global ecosystem: The asteroid sent up a cloud of planet-smothering dust, bathing the Earth in thermal radiation so intense that most species simply could not survive.

Building upon the chemistry that oysters use in mileslong reefs, scientists have found a way to create cement that is stronger and cures faster. Jonathan Wilker, an expert in adhesives and biomimetic materials innovation, has long been interested in formulating new, more sustainable and better materials. Recent work from his research group has included using nature as an inspiration for sustainable, affordable adhesives.

Friendly robots, the ones people love to love, are quirky: R2-D2, C-3PO, WALL-E, BB-8, Marvin, Roz and Baymax. They’re emotional, prone to panic or bossy, empathetic and able to communicate like humans do — even when they communicate in only beeps and bloops. Sooyeon Jeong, robot communication and behavior expert, is working to make robots as friendly and helpful as possible in nonfictional settings.

Sometimes to truly study something up close, you have to take a step back. That’s what Andrea Donnellan does. An expert in earth sciences and seismology, she gets much of her data from a bird’s-eye view, studying the planet’s surface from the air and space, using the data to make discoveries and deepen understanding about earthquakes and other geological processes.

Gully warsher. Duck drownder. Toad strangler. Cob floater. Sod soaker. Whatever their names, summer in the Midwest isn’t summer without strong, sudden storms with towering clouds. While the Indian subcontinent is famous for its monsoon season, what many people don’t know is that the midwestern United States has its own monsoon season, very nearly as strong. And those Midwest monsoons, increasingly, are breaking through the ceiling of the sky and into the stratosphere, a typically undisturbed layer of the atmosphere, introducing burning biomass and aerosols from western wildfires with potentially concerning consequences for the ozone layer and the climate.

Ask a person to picture someone with asthma, and despite famous asthmatic athletes including David Beckham and Emmitt Smith, they’ll likely picture a knobby-kneed kid clutching an inhaler on a park bench. They certainly won’t picture a horse — and yet, a surprising number of horses struggle with asthma. Now, veterinarians are studying the condition to help horses and humans alike.

You fight fire with fire. And vaccine expert Suresh Mittal fights viruses with viruses. Using innovative techniques Mittal develops novel vaccines for viral infections including avian influenza.

The organic ingredients to life, hints to where Earth’s water came from, and the fundamental building blocks of our planet and the solar system seem like a lot to fit in 4 ounces of dusty rock, but that’s exactly what scientists have found in samples of asteroid Bennu brought to Earth in 2023.

There is no cure for the common cold. But there are cures — or at least vaccines — for other viruses, and researchers are working hard to build a toolbox to be able to rapidly develop vaccines for new and emerging viruses. Viruses are so small that tens of millions of them can fit on the head of a pin. Understanding, let alone fighting, something so infinitesimally small is a crowning challenge of modern medicine. The physical structure of its molecules dictates how a virus infects people and moves through their bodies as well as how to formulate effective vaccines and treatments.

A coin flip. A roll of the dice. A shake of the Magic 8 Ball. Humans have been outsourcing their decision-making to inanimate objects since long before recorded history. But when a Magic 8 Ball reports “outlook good,” it’s random chance. It lacks any information about the situation. Computer scientist Alex Psomas is designing artificial intelligence models to outsource decisions to make better, more informed and fairer choices, including how best to distribute food among food pantries.

Being a baby is harder than it looks. Born into the world knowing almost nothing, they spend their first few years getting a PhD in navigating a physical environment. Likewise, artificial intelligence programs come into the world as a stream of code, knowing nothing, with no experience and no abilities. But while babies learn about physics from the moment they’re born, robots have to be programmed to understand innately human traits.

Amphibians are not viewed as the most maternal of animals. However, a team of herpetologists have discovered that one species of amphibian, the ringed caecilian, produces a milk-like substance to feed its young.

Across the Midwest during the warmer months, studying the sky for signs of storms and tornadoes becomes one of the most popular pastimes. Weather expert Dan Chavas takes it further: All day every day, he studies what makes tornadoes tick. Working at the intersection of climate science and meteorology, he looks at the big picture of what causes severe storms and tornadoes — and what dictates where they occur.

Of the thirty-five phyla of animals on Earth, only three are known to have high-resolution eyesight: vertebrates; cephalopods, including squid and octopuses; and arthropods, such as shrimp and spiders. But some species of deep-water bristle worms or polychaetes possess enormous eyes for their body size—twenty times the size of their heads—that invite questions about the quality of their eye- sight.

To build something fantastic, you need fantastic building blocks. Which is exactly what physicists are creating: new materials, with qualities undreamed of in our current world.

WEST LAFAYETTE, Ind. — There is no avoiding robots. With increasing autonomy, satellites span the skies, vacuums vroom underfoot and bots conduct surgery, deliver packages and explore the solar system. Robot expert Sooyeon Jeong works in artificial intelligence to ensure that those robots are more friendly helpers to humans and less inscrutable interlopers, more R2-D2 than HAL, more Baymax than Terminator. “My goal, and the goal of my research group, is to design robots and AI that can have socially and emotionally natural interactions with people,” Jeong said. “I want anything I make or design to have a measurable positive impact on people’s lives.”

Every cloud is lined, not with silver, but with science — at least from cloud expert Alexandria Johnson’s point of view. Clouds are ubiquitous. They are one of the most notable characteristics of planet Earth. Studying them is akin to studying the blood and arteries of the planet itself. Johnson, an atmospheric scientist and assistant professor in Purdue University’s College of Science, studies clouds wherever they are: in her lab, on Earth, throughout the solar system and into the galaxy.

Sometimes planetary physics is like being in a snowball fight. Most people, if handed an already-formed snowball, can use their experience and the feel of the ball to guess what kind of snow it is comprised of: packable and fluffy, or wet and icy. Using nearly the same principles, planetary scientists have been able to study the structure of Europa, Jupiter’s icy moon.

Modern urban life has its advantages and opportunities (e.g., access to education, jobs, health care, transportation, etc.). But with more than half the world’s population now living in urban centers, and with that number expected to rise to 70 percent by 2050, urban living exacts a price—negative health and cognition effects due to “pollution, artificial light, stress, and overstimulation,” according to a team of scientists, who set out to quantify these effects. What they found confirms an age-old intuitive assumption: that a walk in nature is a good way to clear one’s head.

Pharmaceuticals are an important foundation of modern health and society. Without vaccines, medications and therapeutics, civilization as we know it would break down. And without careful formulation and storage, the pharmaceuticals themselves can break down and decay into uselessness.